Is Modulo Multiplication and Addition Associative, Distributive, and Commutative?

Select a non-zero integer n. The symbol [x] will denote the set of all integers congruent to x mod n, i.e. the numbers of the form x + n*y, where y is an integer.

• The "addition modulo n" operation is defined as [a]+[b] = [a+b]. In other words:

  (a + b) mod n = (a mod n + b mod n) mod n.

• The "multiplication modulo n" operation is defined as [a]*[b] = [a*b]. So:

  (a * b) mod n = ((a mod n) * (b mod n)) mod n.

We will now discuss various properties of both these modular operations.

Associativity means that the result will not change when we rearrange the parentheses in an expression. It turns out that:

• Modulo addition is associative:

  ([x] + [y]) + [z] = [x] + ([y] + [z])

• Modular multiplication is also associative:

  ([x] * [y]) * [z] = [x] * ([y] * [z])

In the next section, we will show you how to prove that modular multiplication is associative.

💡 Check our associative property calculator first to understand this subject better.

We will now prove that

([x] * [y]) * [z] = [x] * ([y] * [z]).

Let's start from the left-hand side. Below, each line is equivalent to the preceding one.

([x] * [y]) * [z]

By the definition of modular multiplication, we get:

([x * y]) * [z]

Again by the definition of modular multiplication:

[(x * y) * z]

We use the associativity of the multiplication of real numbers:

[x * (y * z)]

By the definition of modular multiplication again, we get:

[x] * ([y * z])

Again by the same definition:

[x] * ([y] * [z])

And look, we have arrived at the right-hand side. Hence, we have proved that multiplication modulo n is associative!

Commutativity means that the result will not change when we change the order of the operands. One can easily show that:

• Modulo addition is commutative:

  [x] + [y] = [y] + [x])

• Modular multiplication is also commutative:

  [x] * [y] = [y] * [x]

The proof is very similar to what we've seen above for associativity. This time, you'll need to use the fact that the multiplication/addition of real numbers is commutative.

Distributivity is a property that involves both addition and multiplication at once. We say that multiplication distributes over addition if instead of multiplying a sum of several terms by a factor, we can multiply each summand by this factor individually and then add these partial results together to obtain the final answer. So, for example, 5*12 = 5*(10+2) = 5*10 + 5*2 = 60.

It turns out that modular multiplication is distributive over addition:

([x] + [y]) * [z] = [x] * [z] + [y] * [z]

and

[x] * ([y] + [z]) = [x] * [y] + [x] * [z]

In proving this, you'll need to evoke the fact that for real numbers, multiplication distributes over addition.

🙋 Our distributive property article will clear every doubt you have about the distributive property!