Variance Calculator

Variance is a measure of the variability of the values in a dataset.

A high variance indicates that a dataset is more spread out.

A low variance indicates that the data is more tightly clustered around the mean, or less spread out.

Learning how to calculate variance is a key step in computing standard deviation. These two measures are the foundation to calculating relative standard deviation and confidence intervals.

💡 If you want to learn more about the role of variance in statistic, you can read our article: What is Variance in Statistics?.

Not sure about the two last notions we used? Discover them by visiting our dedicated tools: the relative standard deviation calculator and the confidence interval calculator!

Variance (denoted as σ²) is defined as the average squared difference from the mean for all data points. We write it as:

σ2=N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2σ2=N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2

where,

• σ² is the variance;
• μ is the mean; and
• xᵢ represents the i^th data point out of N total data points.

You can calculate variance in three steps:

1. Find the difference from the mean for each point. Use the formula: xi​−μxi​−μ

2. Square the difference from the mean for each point: (xi​−μ)2(xi​−μ)2

3. Find the average of the squared differences from the mean which you found in step 2: N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2

   This is the population variance formula. Note, that this formula is slightly different for sample data (see the next section) and for grouped data. In fact, for the latter, we have the dedicated grouped data variance calculator.

In many scientific experiments, only a sample of the population is measured for practical reasons. This sample allows us to make inferences about the population. However, when we use sample data to estimate the variance of a population, the regular variance formula, σ2=N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2σ2=N1​∑i=1N​(xi​−μ)2, underestimates the variance of the population.

To avoid underestimating the variance of a population (and consequently, the standard deviation), we replace N with N - 1 in the variance formula when sample data is used. This adjustment is known as Bessel's correction.

The sample variance formula becomes:

s2=N−11​∑i=1N​(xi​−xˉ)2s2=N−11​∑i=1N​(xi​−xˉ)2

where,

• s² is the estimate of variance;
• x̄ (pronounced as "x-bar") is the sample mean; and
• x_i is the i^th data point out of N total data points.

💡 Want to learn more? Check out our detailed article: Sample Variance vs. Population Variance: What's the Difference?.

Let's calculate variance of eight students' quiz scores: 5, 5, 5, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9. Follow these steps:

1. Calculate the mean

To calculate the mean (x̄), divide the sum of all numbers by the number of data points:

x=81​(5+5+5+7+8+8+9+9)x=81​(5+5+5+7+8+8+9+9)

x=7x=7

2. Calculate the difference from the mean, and the squared differences from the mean

Now that we know the mean is 7, we will calculate the difference from the mean using the formula:

xi​−xxi​−x

The first point has a value of 5, so the difference from the mean is 5 - 7 = -2.

The squared difference (or "squared deviation") from the mean is simply the square of the previous step:

(xi​−x)2(xi​−x)2

so, the squared deviation would be:

(5−7)2=(−2)2=4(5−7)2=(−2)2=4

We show the calculated squared deviations from the mean for all quiz scores in the table below. The "Deviation" column is the score minus 7, and the "Deviation²" column is the previous column squared.

3. Calculate the variance and standard deviation

Next, we use the squared deviations from the mean we found in step 2 in the variance equation:

σ2=N1​∑i=1n​(xi​−x)2σ2=N1​∑i=1n​(xi​−x)2

σ2=81​(4+4+4+0+1+1+4+4)σ2=81​(4+4+4+0+1+1+4+4)

σ2=2.75σ2=2.75

The quiz scores' variance was 2.75.

You can learn more about the difference between variance and standard deviation by visiting our page: Variance vs. Standard Deviation: Understanding the Difference.

Note that if we used sample data to estimate the variance of a population, we would use the sample variance equation instead:

s2=N−11​∑i=1n​(xi​−x)2s2=N−11​∑i=1n​(xi​−x)2

Now that you know how to find variance, try calculating it yourself, then check your answer using our calculator!

You might find it interesting that variance can be used to calculate the dispersion of data.

If you are calculating variance with a handheld calculator, there is an easier formula you should use. This alternative formula is mathematically equivalent, but easier to type into a calculator.

The easy-to-type formula for variance (for population data) is:

The easy-to-type formula for sample variance is:

For example, with a sample dataset of 1, 2, 4, 6, the calculation for sample variance would be:

Try it yourself, then check your answer with our variance calculator!

Table 1. Variables for population data

Table 2. Variables for sample data